Abstract
The interactions of physiological and morphological evolution are discussed in relation to the branchiopod crustaceans. Many branchiopods are morphologically relatively primitive and evade competition from more advanced forms by physiological adaptations which enable them to survive in extreme environments. The most recently evolved group of branchiopods, the Cladocera, or water fleas, have specialisation of morphology and reproduction which have enabled them to return to less extreme freshwater environments. Most recently they have developed physiological adptations which enable them to exploit the marine and other saline environments.
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