Abstract
Bendiocarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide recommended for malaria control by the World Health Organization (WHO). Still, bendiocarb poses a toxic risk to populations of nontargeted aquatic organisms. Thus, our study was aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of bendiocarb exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by assessing of physiological, developmental, and biochemical parameters. Bendiocarb-induced adverse effects on embryonic development, larval growth, heart rate, changes in phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, oxidative stress-related enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and the damage-linked biomarker lipid peroxidation (LPO) in early life stage zebrafish were investigated. Our results highlight that the selected nonlethal concentrations (96 h median lethal concentration in this study was 32.52 mg/L−1) of bendiocarb inflicted adverse effects resulting in embryo deformities (96 h EC50 = 2.30 mg L−1), reduced body- and notochord length (above 0.75 and 0.39 mg L−1 bendiocarb concentrations at 96 hpf, respectively), oxidative stress, and altered heart rate (above 0.4 mg L−1 at 48 hpf) in the studied model system.
Highlights
Accepted: 14 January 2021Insecticides are natural or synthetic compounds that are widely used to kill one or more species of insects
The LC and EC values were calculated for mortality and developmental abnormalities to characterize the bendiocarb exposure-caused adverse effects
Bendiocarb-induced shape deformities of the yolk sac, as well as abnormal melanocyte migration, number, and size were identified in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae
Summary
Insecticides are natural or synthetic compounds that are widely used to kill one or more species of insects Based on their chemical structure, insecticides can be classified into several groups including carbamates, pyrethroids, and organophosphates [1]. These chemicals have high biological activity and contribute to the increased productivity of agriculture [2] by reducing loss and are an integral part of most modern practices. Bendiocarb (2,2-dimethyL,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-Nmethylcarbamate) belongs to the widely used carbamate compounds This broad-spectrum insecticide can be extensively absorbed, widely distributed, completely metabolized in mammalian cells, and excreted quickly reducing its bioaccumulation [5,6]. According to many previous studies, bendiocarb induces various morphological changes in mammalian tissues
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