Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that microbiome play a variety of essential roles in human metabolism, immunity, and overall health and that the composition of these microbiome is influenced by our environment, diet, weight, hormones, and other factors. Indeed, numerous physiological and pathological conditions, including obesity and metabolic syndrome, are associated with changes in our microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis. As a result, it is not surprising that such changes occur during pregnancy, which includes substantial weight gain and significant changes in metabolism and immune defenses. The present review relates physiological changes during pregnancy to alterations in the microbial composition at various sites, including the gut, oral cavity, and vagina. Pregnancy has been linked to such microbial changes, and we believe that, in contrast to certain disease states, these microbial changes are vital for a healthy pregnancy, probably through their influence on the mother’s immunological, endocrinological, and metabolic status.
Highlights
To ensure a healthy environment for fetal development, pregnancy is associated with pronounced changes in metabolism, hormonal status and immunological defenses, all of which may be influenced by microbiota resident in the gut, vagina, placenta and oral cavity (Nuriel-Ohayon et al, 2016)
Such polymorphisms are present in the genes that encode the antagonist of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which acts in the innate recognition of Gram-negative bacteria and can influence individual susceptibility to complications during pregnancy (Mendling, 2016)
We describe the changes in the compositions of the gut, oral and vaginal microbiome that occur in connection with pregnancy
Summary
To ensure a healthy environment for fetal development, pregnancy is associated with pronounced changes in metabolism, hormonal status and immunological defenses, all of which may be influenced by microbiota resident in the gut, vagina, placenta and oral cavity (Nuriel-Ohayon et al, 2016). Changes in the endocrine system in response to maternal factors such as diet and usage of antibiotics influence the compositions of the gut and oral microbiome (NurielOhayon et al, 2019, Amir et al, 2020). Progesterone can increase the abundance of bifidobacterium in the gut (Nuriel-Ohayon et al, 2019; Amir et al, 2020). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome during pregnancy is associated with gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and restricted fetal growth. Periodontal infections that are transmitted to other locations can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia (Figuero et al, 2020) so that virtually all pregnant women require periodontal care (Rapone et al, 2020)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
