Abstract
This review described the physiological and biochemical effects of various secondary metabolites from Meliaceae against major Lepidopteran insect pest including, Noctuidae and Pyralidae. The biochemical effect of major Meliaceae secondary metabolites were discussed more in this review. Several enzymes based on food materials have critical roles in nutritional indices (food utilization) of the insect pest population. Several research work has been referred and the effect of Meliaceae secondary metabolites on feeding parameters of insects by demonstrating food consumption, approximate digestibility of consumed food, efficiency of converting the ingested food to body substance, efficiency of converting digested food to body substance and consumption index was reviewed in detail. Further how the digestive enzymes including a-Amylases, α and β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.1), lipases (EC 3.1.1) Proteases, serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteinases affected by the Meliaceae secondary metabolites was reviewed. Further effect of Meliaceae secondary metabolites on detoxifying enzymes have been found to react against botanical insecticides including general esterases (EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and phosphatases was reviewed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, E.C.3.1.3.1) and acid phosphatase (ACP, E.C.3.1.3.2) are hydrolytic enzymes, which hydrolyze phosphomonoesters under alkaline or acid conditions, respectively. These enzymes were affected by the secondary metabolites treatment. The detailed mechanism of action was further explained in this review. Acethylcholine esterase (AChE) is a key enzyme that terminates nerve impulses by catalyzing the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in the nervous system of various organisms. How the AChE activity was altered by the Meliaceae secondary metabolites reviewed in detail.
Highlights
Crop protection all over the world relies heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides
These chemicals have made great contributions to plant protection but have raised a number of ecological and medical problems (Varma and Dubey, 1999). Their indiscriminate use has resulted in the development of resistance by pests, resurgence and outbreak of new pests, toxicity to non-target organisms and hazardous effects on the environment endangering the sustainability of ecosystems (Jeyasankar and Jesudasan, 2005)
It has been described that more than 2.5 million tons of pesticides are used in agricultural crops protection for every year and the global damage caused by synthetic insecticides reaches more than $100 billion annually (USEPA, 2011)
Summary
Crop protection all over the world relies heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides. The discovery and use of DDT in 1940 and BHC and subsequent development of the chlorinated cyclodienes marked a major advance in the field of crop protection These chemicals have made great contributions to plant protection but have raised a number of ecological and medical problems (Varma and Dubey, 1999). It has been described that more than 2.5 million tons of pesticides are used in agricultural crops protection for every year and the global damage caused by synthetic insecticides reaches more than $100 billion annually (USEPA, 2011) The reason behind this amount of cost is the high toxicity and residual properties of pesticides in soil, water, air and crops that affect human and domestic animal health (Carson, 1951). Insecticidal soaps are soaps that have been selected and formulated for their insecticidal action (Weinzierl and Henn, 1991)
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