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Abstract
The main challenge of the agricultural sector is to develop new ecological technologies that increase the yields and the tolerance of crops to abiotic constraints, especially in arid areas. The objective of this study was to test the potential roles of biofertilizers, namely, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a native AMF consortium (AMF1) and an exotic AMF strain (AMF2); plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR); and compost (comp), applied separately or in combination, in improving the tolerance of date palm vitroplants to salt stress. Plants were grown under non-stressed (0 mM NaCl) or stressed conditions (120 and 240 mM NaCl). Salt stress negatively affected growth and physiological parameters. However, biofertilizers used alone or in combination increased these traits in either the presence or absence of salinity. The two tripartite combinations PGPR+AMF1+Comp and PGPR+AMF2+Comp efficiently increased plant height compared to the controls, with respective enhancements of 47% and 48% under non-stressed conditions (0 mM), 44% and 43% under 120 mM NaCl and 42% and 41% under 240 mM NaCl. Moreover, under 240 mM NaCl level, the PGPR, AMF1+Comp and PGPR+AMF1+Comp treatments improved the shoot dry weight by 128%, 122% and 113% respectively compared to the stressed control plants submitted to 240 mM NaCl. The tripartite combinations PGPR+AMF1/AMF2+Comp improved salt stress tolerance of plants by increasing plant growth, accumulation of osmotic adjustment compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity compared to control plants and the other treatments.
Highlights
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a multipurpose crop cultivated for many millennia in arid and semi-arid regions in the world mostly [1]
This study aims to investigate the influence of low-dose, easy to produce, local compost in combination with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and native or exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), on the tolerance of date palm vitroplants to salt stress
Under non-stressed conditions, the highest values were recorded in plants inoculated with PGPR+AMF2 reaching a frequency of 94%, followed by the plants inoculated with
Summary
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a multipurpose crop cultivated for many millennia in arid and semi-arid regions in the world mostly [1]. The date palm has great economic importance since it constitutes the pivot of the oasis ecosystem of the Saharan and pre-Saharan regions of Morocco, and it provides dates and various materials intended for handicrafts, construction and energy production [3]. Soil salinity is one of the major problems for agriculture mainly in arid and semi-arid regions, which strongly affects plant growth and productivity [9]. High levels of salinity in soils lead to ion toxicity, disturbed Na+ /K+ homeostasis and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby causing oxidation of membrane lipids, protein and nucleic acids [10], growth inhibition and disruption of photosynthesis activity and productivity [11,12,13].
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