Physiological and Anatomical Differences and Differentially Expressed Genes Reveal Yellow Leaf Coloration in Shumard Oak.

Xiaoyun Dong,Qingsheng Chen,Libin Huang,Zhenhai Liang,Yunzhou Lv,Hainan Sun

doi:10.3390/plants9020169

Xiaoyun Dong, Qingsheng Chen + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020169

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Abstract

Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley) is a traditional foliage plant, but little is known about its regulatory mechanism of yellow leaf coloration. Here, the yellow leaf variety of Q. shumardii named ‘Zhongshan Hongjincai’ (identified as ‘ZH’ throughout this work) and a green leaf variety named ‘Shumard oak No. 23’ (identified as ‘SO’ throughout this work) were compared. ‘ZH’ had lower chlorophyll content and higher carotenoid content; photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also lower. Moreover, the mesophyll cells of ‘ZH’ showed reduced number of chloroplasts and some structural damage. In addition, transcriptomic analysis identified 39,962 differentially expressed genes, and their expression levels were randomly verified. Expressions of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related glumly-tRNA reductase gene and Mg-chelatase gene were decreased, while pheophorbide a oxygenase gene associated with chlorophyll degradation was up-regulated in ‘ZH’. Simultaneously, carotenoid isomerase gene, z-carotene desaturase gene, violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene and zeaxanthin epoxidase gene involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were up-regulated in ‘ZH’. These gene expression changes were accompanied by decreased chlorophyll content and enhanced carotenoid accumulation in ‘ZH’. Consequently, changes in the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll could be driving the yellow leaf coloration in Q. shumardii.

Highlights

Leaf color, the same as flower color, is very important for ornamental plants
The direct cause of leaf discoloration is the change in contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins and other pigmented substances, which are affected by both inheritance and environmental factors, and are regulated by leaf cell microstructure and metabolism [3,4,5]
Chen et al [1] found that the accumulation of cyanidin and reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoids produced the redness of red maple leaves

Summary

Introduction

In autumn, when the leaf color of the autumn leaf tree changes, which attracts people’s attention. In order to increase the ornamental effect of a garden, colorful leaf tree species are widely used in gardens, such as red maple (Acer rubrum L.) of red leaves [1], gingko (Ginkgo biloba L.) of yellow leaves [2], etc. The direct cause of leaf discoloration is the change in contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins and other pigmented substances, which are affected by both inheritance and environmental factors, and are regulated by leaf cell microstructure and metabolism [3,4,5]. Chen et al [1] found that the accumulation of cyanidin and reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoids produced the redness of red maple leaves. The yellowing of leaves is getting in the focus of current research

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