Physics of multiscale convection in Earth's mantle: Evolution of sublithospheric convection

Abstract

We investigate the physics of multiscale convection in Earth's mantle, characterized by the coexistence of large‐scale mantle circulation associated with plate tectonics and small‐scale sublithospheric convection. In part 2 of our study, the temporal and spatial evolution of sublithospheric convection is studied using two‐dimensional whole mantle convection models with temperature‐ and depth‐dependent viscosity and an endothermic phase transition. Scaling laws for the breakdown of layered convection as well as the strength of convection are derived as a function of viscosity layering, the phase buoyancy parameter, and the thermal Rayleigh number. Our results suggest that layered convection in the upper mantle is maintained only for a couple of overturns, with plausible mantle values. Furthermore, scaling laws for the onset of convection, the stable Richter rolls, and the breakdown of layered convection are all combined to delineate possible dynamic regimes beneath evolving lithosphere. Beneath long‐lived plates, the development of longitudinal convection rolls is suggested to be likely in the upper mantle, as well as its subsequent breakdown to whole mantle‐scale convection. This evolutionary path is suggested to be consistent with the seismic structure of the Pacific upper mantle.