Abstract
Dragon fruit is a tropical fruit belongs to Cactae family of genus Hylocereus. Popular as buah naga in Malay, dragon fruit is not only sought after for its wonderful taste, but this fruit is also nutritionally and medicinally attractive for consumers. The dragon fruit flesh is usually eaten raw or it is processed into juices and the remaining peel will be discarded. To minimize the waste created from dragon fruit consumption, an idea of transforming the peel of dragon fruit into edible pectin has been proposed. Pectin can be found in food products as a gelling agent and it is used to maintain the quality of foods. Recent market demand for pectin is increasing annually and to meet the supply-demand, researchers are working towards obtaining pectin from available non-conventional sources. In this study, pectin was extracted from dragon fruit peel by hot acid extraction at pH 3.5 and 75 mins of extraction. Distilled water was used as a solvent and the acidic environment was achieved with dilute HCl. Degree of esterification (DE) analysis was performed by FTIR. The extracted pectin was categorized as high methoxyl pectin based on DE (52%). The endothermic properties of dragon fruit pectin analyzed by DSC indicating the stability of extracted pectin compared to citrus peel pectin. Pectin extracted was characterized in terms of moisture (14.03±1.925), ash content (8.73±1.218), as well as water and oilholding capacity (4.08±0.0.81) (2.18±0.096), swelling capacity (5.94±1.271) and texture profile in terms of gumminess (33.66±6.05), cohesiveness (1.06±0.08) and hardness (31.63±3.81). All characteristics were compared with citrus peel pectin.
Highlights
Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is an exotic, sweet and nutritionally wise fruit that is widely cultivated around Southeast Asia
The Degree of Esterification (DE) was estimated at 52%, indicating that the pectin of dragon fruit peel is high methoxyl pectin (HM pectin) (Marić et al, 2018)
Since the peel provides many advantages, researchers found a way to turn it from waste to wealth, by extracting pectin from the peel
Summary
Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is an exotic, sweet and nutritionally wise fruit that is widely cultivated around Southeast Asia. The dragon fruit is eaten as fresh fruit, peeling the skin away. They are refined into juice, beverages and syrups. The peel, considered waste from the processing of dragon fruit, is about 22% of the whole fruit. Such waste is abundant, according to literatures, with beneficial compounds like flavonoids and pectin (Hashim, 2018) (Ismail et al, 2012; Muhammad et al, 2014). Dragon fruit peel consists mainly of pectin (10.79%), betacyanin pigments (150.46/ 100g db) and a total dietary fibre of up to 69.3% (Chia and Chong, 2015). Commercial pectin has been most prevalently derived from apple pomace and citrus peel and the use of dragon fruit waste to produce value-added ingredients such as pectin has a huge potential
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