Abstract
An investigation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on hard carbon (HC) anodes in aprotic sodium batteries was carried out by post-mortem analyses. Electrodes cycled in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIFSI), and N-trimethyl-N-butylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (N1114FSI) ionic liquid electrolytes have been collected and studied: benchmark electrodes cycled in commercial organic solutions were examined for comparison purpose. The SEI composition and morphology of post-mortem HC electrodes were analyzed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis. Overall, the HC electrodes cycled in carbonate-based electrolyte have shown thicker SEI mainly composed of organic compounds, whereas in ILs electrolytes they have shown thinner layer richer in inorganic species, such as NaF, Na2CO3, N-containing species, and “small” sulfide-based compounds, these improving the SEI interfacial properties towards the Na+ migration kinetics. Focusing on ILs based cell formulations, anodes cycled in the EMIFSI-based electrolyte shows several cracks on its surface.
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