Abstract
The physicochemical properties of different grades of Malaysian crude palm oil (high free fatty acid crude palm oil (HFFA-CPO) and low free fatty acid crude palm oil (LFFA-CPO)) were analyzed in this study to determine their applicability as edible oils. The percentages of free fatty acids (FFAs%), iodine value, hydroxyl value, unsaponifiable value, moisture content for HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO were 8.7 ± 0.3 and 3.8 ± 0.1%; 53.1 ± 0.4 and 56 ± 0.3 g I2 /100 g; 32.5 ± 0.6 and 18.5 ± 0.9 mg KOH/g oil; 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.46 ± 0.02%; 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.33 ± 0.01%, respectively. The fatty acid compositions were determined using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results showed that the dominant fatty acids are palmitic acid (43.2%–44.4%) and oleic acid (39.8%–41.4%). The major triacylglycerols (TAGs) of HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO estimated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were POP (30.8%–33.6%) and POO (24.9%–29.7%). In general, the physicochemical properties of HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO are consistent with the standard Malaysian crude palm oil, with the exception of FFAs%, hydroxyl value, moisture contents.
Highlights
The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) is cultivated extensively in Southeast Asia and Equatorial Africa as an agricultural crop (Muhamad et al, 2012), to extent of being expanded into the highest-yielding cash crop (3.66 tons/ha/ year) in Malaysia (Basiron, 2007)
There are dearth of studies on the characterization of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, it has been noted that endogenous lipase is present in oil palm fruits (Ngando Ebongue et al, 2008), which is the first enzyme to be associated with the degradation of triacylglycerols and liberated of free fatty acids (FFAs), MAGs, and DAGs (Sambanthamurthi et al, 2000)
The moisture contents for HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO fall outside the range of Malaysian crude palm oil standard due to decreased quality of oil caused by increased activity of endogenous lipase in the oil palm fruits
Summary
The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) is cultivated extensively in Southeast Asia and Equatorial Africa as an agricultural crop (Muhamad et al, 2012), to extent of being expanded into the highest-yielding cash crop (3.66 tons/ha/ year) in Malaysia (Basiron, 2007). Malaysian palm oil comprises an estimated 27% of export trade of fats and oils and make up 13% of the global production of oils and fats This ensures Malaysia is the second largest producer and exporter of palm oil after Indonesia (Pakiam, 2013). The low free fatty acid crude palm oil displays exceptional physicochemical properties, such as oil yield of 37.19 ± 2.04 (%), FFAs% of 0.65 ± 0.09 (%), the moisture content of 0.52 ± 0.37 (%), and its high industrial applicability. There are dearth of studies on the characterization of high free fatty acid crude palm oil, it has been noted that endogenous lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase) is present in oil palm fruits (Ngando Ebongue et al, 2008), which is the first enzyme to be associated with the degradation of triacylglycerols and liberated of FFAs, MAGs, and DAGs (Sambanthamurthi et al, 2000). This study quantitatively characterizes the physicochemical properties and composition of HFFA-CPO and LFFA-CPO
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