Abstract
Implantoplasty is a mechanical decontamination technique that consists of polishing the supra-osseous component of the dental implant with peri-implantitis. This technique releases metal particles in the form of metal swarf and dust into the peri-implant environment. In the present in vitro study, the following physicochemical characterization tests were carried out: specific surface area, granulometry, contact angle, crystalline structure, morphology, and ion release. Besides, cytotoxicity was in turn evaluated by determining the fibroblastic and osteoblastic cell viability. As a result, the metal debris obtained by implantoplasty presented an equivalent diameter value of 159 µm (range 6–1850 µm) and a specific surface area of 0.3 m2/g on average. The particle had a plate-like shape of different sizes. The release of vanadium ions in Hank’s solution at 37 °C showed no signs of stabilization and was greater than that of titanium and aluminum ions, which means that the alloy suffers from a degradation. The particles exhibited cytotoxic effects upon human osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells in the whole extract. In conclusion, metal debris released by implantoplasty showed different sizes, surface structures and shapes. Vanadium ion levels were higher than that those of the other metal ions, and cell viability assays showed that these particles produce a significant loss of cytocompatibility on osteoblasts and fibroblasts, which means that the main cells of the peri-implant tissues might be injured.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) is a transition metal with a metallic color and high chemical stability
The first is that several studies report that shear or wear debris from this alloy can trigger an inflammatory reaction that can lead to osteolysis and loss of the prosthesis
Implantoplasty of 60 Ti6Al4V dental implants (Avinent Implant System S.L., Santpedor, Spain) was carried out by the same investigator (J.T.-S.) following the drilling protocol described in the study published by Costa-Berenguer et al [21]
Summary
Titanium (Ti) is a transition metal with a metallic color and high chemical stability. Among the different Ti alloys, Ti6Al4V is the most commonly used and is applied in a wide range of applications such as dental implants, orthopedic prostheses, chemical industry, aerospace industry, etc. This alloy is easy to manufacture and has excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility as a stable, continuous, and inert oxide layer is established [2]. The first is that several studies report that shear or wear debris from this alloy can trigger an inflammatory reaction that can lead to osteolysis and loss of the prosthesis Another issue of this alloy is of potential V ion releasing, which can be toxic to the human body [3,4]. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned disadvantages, other alloys such as Ti-Zr, Ti-6Al-7Nb or others have been proposed to overcome these limitations, but there is still not enough long-term data [3,6]
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