Abstract
The precariousness of the rural population in Africa is often symbolized by the lack of potable and safe drinking water. This study investigates the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of 32 water samples with respect to WHO standards. The water samples were collected from wells, boreholes and small drinking water supply systems (DWS) in and around the township of Bonkoukou (Niger). The Water Quality Index (WQI) tool was used to assess the overall water quality with different physico-chemical parameters. Where the pH of the samples was acceptable, the samples showed higher levels of mineralization and deoxygenation. Overall, the samples were slightly hard, chlorinated and sulfated but much alkaline and contained nitrate and nitrite ions 2-16 times higher than the WHO standards. The use of WQI shows that samples in the DWS are safe for drinking. Samples coming from wells are the most polluted (58.50%) compared to those taken from boreholes (53.00%), while the percentage of samples from boreholes, unfit for drinking, is higher (41.00%) than that of the samples taken from wells (25.00%). Moreover, water in this area was characterized by the presence of total germs indicating bacteriological pollution. Hence, for the supply of safe drinking water to the larger number of people in such a rural area, the capacity of actual DWS must be improved and widespread.
Highlights
The main use of drinking water is to compensate for body water loss and to ensure good general physiology and health (Mann & Truswell )
The water samples collected in Bonkoukou and surrounding villages were analyzed in the laboratory
The results obtained from the bacteriological analysis show that samples are largely characterized by total germ colonies above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, except for water samples from boreholes, which had a total germ count below the WHO standard of 100 CFU mLÀ1
Summary
The main use of drinking water is to compensate for body water loss and to ensure good general physiology and health (Mann & Truswell ). According to UNICEF ( ), everyone has the right to have access to safe drinking water. Potable and safe drinking water brings clear health benefits. According to WHO ( ), about 30.00% of the world population still In rural West Africa, groundwater is very often the main source of drinking water. The latter is supplied mostly through wells and increasingly from boreholes (Chippaux et al ; Raphael et al ), sparsely distributed across rural areas townships and villages.
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