Abstract
Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of tannery effluent from Samaru -Zaria was carried out. A total of six (6) tannery effluent samples (from site A- point of discharge, site B- 20m from point of discharge, site C- 40m from point of discharge, site D- 60m from point of discharge, site E- 80m from point of discharge and site F- 100m from point of discharge) were collected from the Nigerian Leather and Science Technology, Samaru - Zaria, Kaduna State in sterile labeled screw capped bottles. Physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was carried out using standard techniques. The physicochemical analysis revealed the appearance of the effluent to be dark-brown with unpleasant odour. the effluent further revealed the presence and at different concentrations of total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, nitrite, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, phosphate, cadmium, zinc and copper, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease all in mg/L except pH. Bacillus sp had percentage occurrence of 100%, Pseudomonas sp had 83.3%, Flavobacterium , Micrococcus and Staphylococcus sp had 66.7% each, Proteus and Klebsiella sp had 50.0% occurrence each, Streptococcus had 33.3% while Escherichia coli had the least percentage of occurrence of 16.7 from the samples of the tannery effluent analyzed respectively. The highest viable count was observed from site F which is 100m away from the point of discharge and had 4.09 x 10 7 cfu/ml and the lowest from site A (point of discharge) with 1.2 x 10 7 cfu/ml. The treatment of tannery effluents before discharge into the environment is necessary using biotreatment. This will reduce or eliminate environmental pollutions which could be detrimental to humans, animals and plants. Keywords : Physicochemical, bacteria, COD, BOD, effluent
Highlights
Tanning is the treatment of hides and skins to preserve and convert them into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of applications (Akpomie, 2013)
Collection of Samples: Six (6) tannery effluent samples from sites: Site A- point of discharge, site B- 20 m from point of discharge, site C- 40 m from point of discharge, site D- 60 m from point of discharge, site E- 80 m from point of discharge and site F- 100 m from point of discharge were collected aseptically using sterile screw capped bottles from the tannery effluent disposal site which were brought back to the laboratory and was stored in the refrigerator as 4oC for bacteriological analysis
The results of the physicochemical parameters of the effluents are presented in Table 1.The result revealed the appearance of the effluent to be dark-brown with unpleasant odour. the effluent further revealed the presence and at different concentrations of total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, nitrite, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, phosphate, cadmium, zinc and copper, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease in mg/L except pH
Summary
Tanning is the treatment of hides and skins to preserve and convert them into a stable material (leather) which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of applications (Akpomie, 2013). The used and non-useable hides and skins along with the excess process chemicals and water constitute solid and liquid wastes in the tannery (Mingshu et al, 2006). Tannery effluent is the source of diverse extremophilic microbial flora, which has amazing adaptation and flexibility for surviving in extreme tannery environment These microorganisms have ability to protect themselves from heavy metal toxicity by various mechanisms such as adsorption uptake, methylation, oxidation and reduction (Abhilasha, 2014).Tanneries generate wastewater in the range of 30 - 35 L/kg skin / hide processed with variable pH and high concentrations of suspended solids, BOD, COD, tannins including chromium (Nazer et al, 2006) at about 30–35 L of water to 1 kg of processed skin (Suresh et al, 2001; Sreeram and Ramasami, 2003). This research is aimed at physico-chemical analysis and bacteriological assessment of tannery effluent from Samaru -Zaria town, Kaduna State
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