Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, filling ability, and antibacterial activity of a premixed calcium silicate-based sealer to those of a powder–liquid bioceramic sealer. Ceraseal (CS) and BioRoot (BR) materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at 7 and 14 d of immersion in distilled water. The filling ability of the two sealers as well as the water contact angle, solubility, flow, roughness, crystalline microstructure, pH, and compressive strength were also evaluated. The antibacterial activity was assessed through an agar diffusion as well as through direct tests. All the results were statistically analyzed using one-way or two-way analysis of variance tests. Statistically significant lower void percentages were observed for CS at 2 and 8 mm from the working length (WL) compared to those for the BR group, whilst no significant difference was observed at 5 mm from the WL. BR sealer showed higher alkaline pH, rougher surface, lower water contact angle values, lower flowability, and higher solubility compared to CS. BR showed globular and needle-like crystalline microstructure, whilst CS had globular and flower-like crystalline microstructure up to 72 h. No statistical difference was found for the compressive strength between the two sealers. BR and CS showed no antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis after 3 h, whilst both sealers showed antibacterial capacity after 24 and 72 h. BR demonstrated higher antibacterial activity after 24 h. In conclusion, the use of bioceramic sealers may play an important role in controlling bacterial growth. Moreover, CS may have superior filling ability and lower solubility than the BioRoot sealer due to its specific chemical composition and mixing method.
Highlights
A successful endodontic treatment depends on appropriate preparation of the cavity access, suitable shaping, proper cleaning, and tridimensional filling of the root canal space [1]
The use of hydraulic condensation has been suggested since calcium-silicate-based root canal sealers (CSBRCSs) have been introduced in the market
Hydraulic condensation places strong emphasis on the improved properties of CSBRCSs, especially their absence of shrinkage upon setting. Their biological and/or bioactive properties, including their biocompatibility and antibacterial activity, are relevant once such materials are in contact with body fluids as results of its composition [11,12,13]
Summary
A successful endodontic treatment depends on appropriate preparation of the cavity access, suitable shaping, proper cleaning, and tridimensional filling of the root canal space [1]. It has been emphasized that an excessive sealer volume may adversely influence the seal, as the majority of sealers shrink upon setting and dissolve over time To counteract this issue, it has generally been suggested to maximize the gutta-percha volume and minimize the sealer thickness, using thermo-plasticized gutta-percha obturation techniques, including warm vertical compaction and carrier-based obturations. BioRoot RCS (BR) (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fossés, France) is instead a powder–liquid bioceramic sealer that requires manual mixing procedures [18] Such bioceramic sealers have been advocated as appropriate materials for the single-cone obturation technique on [19,20], rather than for the warm technique, this latter technique may induce alteration of the physicochemical properties of the sealer [21]
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