Physico-chemical characterization of Synperonic™ 91/5 self-assembly behaviour in water

Abstract

We studied the self-assembled aggregates of Synperonic™ 91/5 (SYN) in water solution. This surfactant presents the peculiarity of having an odd number of aliphatic carbons, with a tail composed of C9H19 and C11H23, and the headgroup having an average of 5 ethoxy units. While the general family of CiEOj nonionic surfactants has been widely studied, there is little knowledge for the case of surfactants with odd-number carbons. For this reason, we carried out an in depth physico-chemical characterization of water solutions containing SYN in the wide range of concentration from 2 % to 50 % (i.e. 0.05–1.4 M), considering that high concentrated systems are relevant for industrial applications. This class of surfactants is also interesting as remediation agent since they can incorporate different polluting molecules, both polar and nonpolar, such as volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Dense Non Aqueous Phase liquids (DNAPLs). The rheological and transport properties of SYN solutions were investigated through diffusion coefficients and viscosity, while shape and size of self-assemblies were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering and by Small Angle Scattering of Neutrons (SANS) and X-rays (SAXS). Results show that SYN generally behaves as other nonionic surfactants in dilute solutions, but shows some peculiarity of aggregate packing at high concentration. We recently demonstrated the efficiency of the Synperonic™ family of surfactants in solubilising trichloroethylene (TCE), in particular above a critical concentration of 0.1 M, thus being a good candidate for remediation purposes. Here, the solubility of TCE was correlated with the number and the size of micelles at different surfactant concentrations. Our work helps filling a gap in the literature about technical grade surfactants with odd-number carbons, and the results can help in assessing the performances of Synperonic™ products for technical tasks.