Abstract
The vibrations undergone by men are a well-known and widely studied risk factor in the industrial world. They are transmitted to the whole body or the upper limbs and they are measured, and limited, according to international standards. Disorders resulting from exposure to vibration are varied in nature: osteoarticular, muscular, vascular, and neurological. In this context, an European Directive 2002/44/EC to the protection of workers exposed to vibration, precises thresholds for vibration exposures and defines the procedure for risk prevention. Nevertheless, the effect of vibration is little studied in sports despite the ubiquity of these. Vibration can induce discomfort, degrading performance or causing musculoskeletal disorders. This paper makes an overview of the studies involving the vibrations during cycling. At first, this paper will summarize the different standards and guidelines relating vibration in humans, which present a guide for the measurement and evaluation of the vibration and exposure limits. Secondly, this paper presents a state of the art vibration effects: (i) the physiological and pathological disorders in athletes, (ii) and the performance. A third part will be devoted to the synthesis of numerical studies that represent the biodynamic response and help to predict the effects of human body vibration. Finally, new research and innovations will be discussed based on studies in other sports.
Highlights
Vibration is an oscillatory movement around a stable equilibrium position or a mean trajectory
For vibrations transmitted to the hand-arm system: the daily exposure limit value standardized to a reference period of eight hours is 5 m.s−2 and the daily exposure value normalized to a reference period of eight hours triggering action is set at 2.5 m.s−2
For vibrations transmitted to the whole body the daily exposure limit value standardized to a reference period of eight hours is 1.15 m.s−2 and the daily exposure value normalized to a reference period of eight hours triggering action is set at 0.5 m.s−2
Summary
Vibration is an oscillatory movement around a stable equilibrium position or a mean trajectory. The resonance is present when the movement in a body is amplified with respect to the input motion The frequency when this ratio is maximal is called resonance frequency [2]. This paper will summarize the most important studies made in relation to vibration in the human body and that have an influence on the understanding of the effects of vibration in cycling. These studies allow to identify the most influential parameters and to know the health and performance factors in cycling.
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