Physical mechanism and statistics of occurrence of an additional layer in the equatorial ionosphere

Abstract

A physical mechanism and the location and latitudinal extent of an additional layer, called the F3 layer, that exists in the equatorial ionosphere are presented. A statistical analysis of the occurrence of the layer recorded at the equatorial station Fortaleza (4°S, 38°W; dip 9°S) in Brazil is also presented. The F3 layer forms during the morning‐noon period in that equatorial region where the combined effect of the upward E×B drift and neutral wind provides a vertically upward plasma drift velocity at altitudes near and above the F2 peak. This velocity causes the F2 peak to drift upward and form the F3 layer while the normal F2 layer develops at lower altitudes through the usual photochemical and dynamical effects of the equatorial region. The peak electron density of the F3 layer can exceed that of the F2 layer. The F3 layer is predicted to be distinct on the summer side of the geomagnetic equator during periods of low solar activity and to become less distinct as the solar activity increases. Ionograms recorded at Fortaleza in 1995 show the existence of an F3 layer on 49% of the days, with the occurrence being most frequent (75%) and distinct in summer, as expected. During summer the layer occurs earlier and lasts longer compared to the other seasons; on the average, the layer occurs at around 0930 LT and lasts for about 3 hours. The altitude of the layer is also high in summer, with the mean peak virtual height being about 570 km. However, the critical frequency of the layer (f0F3) exceeds that of the F2 layer (f0f2) by the largest amounts in winter and equinox; f0F3 exceeds f0F2 by a yearly average of about 1.3 MHz.