Physical Meanings of Fractal Behaviors of Water in Aqueous and Biological Systems with Open-Ended Coaxial Electrodes.

Shin Yagihara,Masayuki Tokita,Ko Shimazaki,Rio Kita,Minoru Fukuzaki,Haruchika Masuda,Hironobu Saito,Kohei Shoji,Keisuke Matsumoto,Tetsuya Saito,Tsubasa Kawaguchi,Koji Asami,Naoki Shinyashiki,Tsuyoshi Aoyama,Shinichiro Hiraiwa,Yuko Maruyama

doi:10.3390/s19112606

Abstract

The dynamics of a hydrogen bonding network (HBN) relating to macroscopic properties of hydrogen bonding liquids were observed as a significant relaxation process by dielectric spectroscopy measurements. In the cases of water and water rich mixtures including biological systems, a GHz frequency relaxation process appearing at around 20 GHz with the relaxation time of 8.2 ps is generally observed at 25 °C. The GHz frequency process can be explained as a rate process of exchanges in hydrogen bond (HB) and the rate becomes higher with increasing HB density. In the present work, this study analyzed the GHz frequency process observed by suitable open-ended coaxial electrodes, and physical meanings of the fractal nature of water structures were clarified in various aqueous systems. Dynamic behaviors of HBN were characterized by a combination of the average relaxation time and the distribution of the relaxation time. This fractal analysis offered an available approach to both solution and dispersion systems with characterization of the aggregation or dispersion state of water molecules. In the case of polymer-water mixtures, the HBN and polymer networks penetrate each other, however, the HBN were segmented and isolated more by dispersed and aggregated particles in the case of dispersion systems. These HBN fragments were characterized by smaller values of the fractal dimension obtained from the fractal analysis. Some examples of actual usages suggest that the fractal analysis is now one of the most effective tools to understand the molecular mechanism of HBN in aqueous complex materials including biological systems.

Highlights

IntroductionThe relaxation mechanism of GHz frequency process is the rate process of cooperative exchanges in the hydrogen bonding network (HBN)
It has already been reported that the rreelaxation time, ττ, for various solvents of n-alcohol and water in the ssoolutions of ppoollyy ((vviinnyylpyrrolidone) (PVP) exhibits systematic changes with the hydrogen bonding network (HBN) density determined from the PVP concentration and the alkyl chain length of each n-alcohol solvent as shown in Figure 2 [3,4]
Dielectric relaxation measurements were performed by time domain reflectometry (TDR) methods

Summary

Introduction

The relaxation mechanism of GHz frequency process is the rate process of cooperative exchanges in the HBN. The HBN density is one of the factors determining the relaxation time, and other series of alcohol molecules with two or three hydroxyl (OH) groups may respectively exhibit different lines. The relaxation mechanism of GHz frequency process is the rate process of cooperative exchanges in SthenesoHrs B20N19.,T19h,e26H06BN density is one of the factors determining the relaxation time, and other ser3ieosf o18f alcohol molecules with two or three hydroxyl (OH) groups may respectively exhibit different lines. Only some details are described here for samples of cell suspensions and organs of mice, for which the authors have not reported sufficiently to date. Molecular hydrogen water (H2 water) was adjusted by Aquela hydrogen water 7.0 ppm starter set (Miz Co., Tokyo, Japan). Degassed water as control water, was adjusted by keeping H2 water in a plastic bottle at room temperature for 24 h

Dielectric Relaxation Measurements

Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Electrodes

Fractal Analysis of the Dielectric Relaxation Process

Application of the Fractal Analysis for Solvent Molecules in Gel Materials

Conclusions