Abstract
1Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA 2Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA 3Physical Therapy Program-Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation and Division of Cardiology-Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Highlights
Deaths due to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in the United States (US) have reached a plateau during the last four decades and have declined slightly in the past two decades; CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both women and men in the US and most of the Westernized world [1]
We and others have indicated the benefits of muscular strength and muscular fitness on subsequent CVD and total mortality risk, [3,7] as well as the importance of resistance training to improve CVD surrogate outcomes [8], most of the emphasis in the area of physical fitness continues to be directed toward improving levels of CRF [4,6,9]
In a recent major analysis of 33 studies (102,980 participants with 6,910 deaths and 84,323 participants and 4,485 cases of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)/CVD events), Kodama et al [9] demonstrate that for every one Metabolic Equivalents (METs) increase in CRF, all-cause mortality is reduced by 13% and CHD and CVD events are reduced by 15%
Summary
Deaths due to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in the United States (US) have reached a plateau during the last four decades and have declined slightly in the past two decades; CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both women and men in the US and most of the Westernized world [1]. Considering the staggering fiscal burden of CVD and, especially, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), most medical treatments are directed at the major CHD risk factors, including obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and their epidemics, as well as Hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and smoking.
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