Abstract

Evaluation of potential causative factors begins with a thorough history and careful physical examination. The most useful diagnostic test in the evaluation of patients with heart failure is the comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiogram coupled with Doppler flow studies to determine whether abnormalities of myocardium, heart valves, or pericardium are present and which chambers are involved. A comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation is important, because it is common for patients to have more than 1 cardiac abnormality that contributes to the development of heart failure.

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