Physical education of children and youth as a mandatory component of pedagogical works in Romania in the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century

Abstract

The authors of the article "Physical education of children and youth as a mandatory component of pedagogical works in Romania in the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century." O. Tsybanyuk, A. Moldovan, and S. Dariіchuk determined that the recognition of physical education as a mandatory component of the educational process for children and youth in the country was proven by the active appearance of thematic training courses, textbooks, and monographs in the studied period. Such were the textbooks of I. Popescu "Pedagogy", the monograph of S. Velovan and I. Popescu "Pedagogy", which paid attention to the influence of systematic gymnastic exercises on the education of order, accuracy and discipline, morality and aesthetics. In addition, an analysis of the characteristics of alternation of physical activity and rest was found. An interesting element was the characteristic of the body of educational articles in the journal "Pedagogical Body for Education and Training". An example was the requirement for teachers to take into account physical activity and rest, the "weight of the school", to be able to diversify it through mobile and folk games. Separate recommendations of P. Pipos regarding the use of food, air, movement-games and gymnastics as means of physical education, as well as methodical instructions for conducting a physical education lesson. In the opinion of the researcher, advice to teachers about the use of well-thought-out, planned exercises and complexes is relevant. It has been proven that, in addition to pedagogical publications, specialized publications appeared during this time – "Considerations about the importance and necessity of gymnastics from a hygienic and social point of view in schools of both sexes, in the army, at different ages of life and as a treatment for various diseases" by Dr. K.I. Istrati, "Physical education" by I. Slavicha, section "Physical education" authored by V. Gidionescu in the work "School hygiene", etc.