Abstract
Abstract. Researching, compiling and analysing geophysical ideas and measurements in historical periods will contribute to the historical development of earth science. Also, this is important for geophysicists working on time-dependent (historical) data and revealing the physical properties of the earth. This paper is focused on the earth and its sciences (with concepts, ideas and measurements) in classical Islamic science in the Ottoman Empire and the evolution of these thoughts and concepts in the context of the transition to modern science. The pre-modern period of science in Islamic geographies is represented by Aristotelian science and some original contributions. In the geophysical sciences of the Ottoman Empire, earthquakes and weather events are explained by his views and ideas. Modern concepts and scientific measurements of geophysical events such as magnetic, seismologic and meteorologic events were systematically begun by observatories. Before this, there are some individual measurements.
Highlights
Introduction and general remarksIn the 16th century that term “modern” was coined and is related to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past
Modernity as historical period denotes an era marked by a questioning or denial of tradition and includes many concepts and issues such as the ranking of individualism, freedom and formal equality; belief in unavoidable social, scientific and technological progress and human perfectibility; rationalization and professionalization; the market economy; industrialization, urbanization and secularization; and the development of the nation state and its constituent institutions (Foucault, 1995)
Related to development of modern science in the Ottoman Empire, the term Fen was explained as a branch of Ulum and Maarif
Summary
In the 16th century that term “modern” (from late Latin modernus and Latin modo, “just ”) was coined and is related to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past. Modernity as a term is used to designate a historical period and to represent socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices. Istanbul has been given different names throughout the ages These city names are related to different periods of urban history. Istanbul is a city that has been among the most important and biggest metropolises of the world for about 16 centuries from the 4th century to the 20th century It has been a representative of a large region where the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa meet and has managed to influence world history significantly in this process. Our study was based on the investigation of geophysical ideas and measurements in the Ottoman geography in transition from the pre-modern (Islamic) to the modern (Western) period. Ozcep: Physical earth and its sciences in Istanbul paper is a continuation of works by Ozcep and Ozcep (2014) and Ozcep (2018)
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