Abstract
As a source of ‘suspended soils’, epiphytes contribute large amounts of organic matter to the canopy of tropical rain forests. Microbes associated with epiphytes are responsible for much of the nutrient cycling taking place in rain forest canopies. However, soils suspended far above the ground in living organisms differ from soil on the forest floor, and traditional predictors of soil microbial community composition and functioning (nutrient availability and the activity of soil organisms) are likely to be less important. We conducted an experiment in the rain forest biome at the Eden Project in the U.K. to explore how biotic and abiotic conditions determine microbial community composition and functioning in a suspended soil. To simulate their natural epiphytic lifestyle, bird’s nest ferns (Asplenium nidus) were placed on a custom-built canopy platform suspended 8 m above the ground. Ammonium nitrate and earthworm treatments were applied to ferns in a factorial design. Extracellular enzyme activity and Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) profiles were determined at zero, three and six months. We observed no significant differences in either enzyme activity or PLFA profiles between any of the treatments. Instead, we observed decreases in β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity, and an increase in phenol oxidase activity across all treatments and controls over time. An increase in the relative abundance of fungi during the experiment meant that the microbial communities in the Eden Project ferns after six months were comparable with ferns sampled from primary tropical rain forest in Borneo.
Highlights
The canopy of tropical rain forests provides a unique habitat for a range of organisms in spite of characteristic extremes in climate and nutrient availability [1,2,3,4]
An increase in the relative abundance of fungi during the experiment meant that the microbial communities in the Eden Project ferns after six months were comparable with ferns sampled from primary tropical rain forest in Borneo
The inhabitants of canopy soils depend on the tight cycling of limited resources, facilitated by a decomposer community adapted to the extremes in climate that characterise canopy habitats [6,7,8]
Summary
The canopy of tropical rain forests provides a unique habitat for a range of organisms in spite of characteristic extremes in climate and nutrient availability [1,2,3,4]. The accumulation of organic matter supporting microorganisms, invertebrates and plants, are important components of the canopy ecosystem [5]. The inhabitants of canopy soils depend on the tight cycling of limited resources, facilitated by a decomposer community adapted to the extremes in climate that characterise canopy habitats [6,7,8]. Recent advances in canopy access have improved our understanding of tropical rain forests but information on canopy microbial communities is lacking [14,15]. The composition and functioning of soil microbial communities is known to be influenced by multiple factors, namely nutrient inputs to the soil [16,17,18,19]; the activity of the associated invertebrate community, notably earthworms [20,21,22]; soil temperature, Forests 2017, 8, 474; doi:10.3390/f8120474 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests
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