Abstract

I review the current constraints on the nature of the hotspots of FR II radio sources, and the physical conditions that obtain in them. New Chandra observations suggest that the majority of X-ray detections of hotspots are due to inverse-Compton processes, with magnetic field strengths close to the standard equipartition/minimum-energy values. However, a few broad-line objects have X-ray emission much brighter than the expected inverse-Compton level. These may be due to synchrotron emission from a second population of electrons. I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of models for the anomalous objects involving relativistic bulk motions in the hotspots.

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