Physical characterisation of microform bed cluster refugia in 12 headwater streams, New Zealand

Abstract

Recent sediment transport research has demonstrated that microform bed clusters (MBC) are particularly resistant to entrainment during floods and preliminary biological surveys have shown that such structures could be providing important refugia for benthos in streams. We therefore surveyed MBC in a selection of headwater streams, South Island, New Zealand to determine how common such structures are and then related their occurrence to flow variability, relative armouring, reach gradient, and sediment geology/ geometry to obtain a greater understanding of hydrological and hydraulic stream‐scale factors affecting their density and composition. MBC were present in all streams and ranged in density from 0.067 to 0.279 m−2. They occupied up to 4.4% of the surface area of the survey reaches, generally had 2–3 particles (a maximum of 7), and the average size for the largest particles ranged from 18.5 to 42.8 cm. MBC density and percentage site cover was significantly related to the relative armouring, but not to flow variability. The number of sediment particles per cluster was significantly correlated with reach gradient, although sediment geology, and associated geometry of particles, also appeared to be important. Thus, density and structure of MBC appeared to be primarily controlled by the interaction of relative armouring and reach gradient with highest densities and the largest number of cluster particles occurring in steep streams with high bed armouring. These structures were sufficiently common to be playing a significant role as flood refugia for benthos in some high gradient, headwater streams.