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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bulk density, total pore volume, carbon stock and natural abundance of 13C in Rhodic Ferralsol in no-tillage system (NTS) areas under different succession and rotation of cultures in the Cerrado of Goiás State, Brazil. In order to do so, NTS areas were selected in Montividiu, Goiás, under the same soil and climatic conditions as the following rotations: soybean-corn succession, soybean-millet succession, soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation, soybean-corn-brachiaria succession and a pasture area (PA), used as a control. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0.0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20, and 0.20–0.40 m. The lowest levels of carbon content and stocks were verified in PA in comparison to the other areas evaluated. The NTS with soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton crop rotation followed by NTS with soybean-corn-brachiaria succession were those that presented greater potential for carbon stock increase and total soil pore volume, as well as bulk density reduction. The origin of the soil organic matter in the NTS areas is related to plants employing the C4 photosynthetic cycle; however, for mixed C3 and C4 plant systems, the isotopic signature of 13C is reduced, mainly in areas with crop rotation.
Highlights
Previous studies have shown that crop-livestock integration (CLI) allied to no-tillage system (NTS) tends to increase organic matter and carbon stocks in the soil, sometimes even to match and/or exceed the values found in areas of native vegetation of the Cerrado and NTS without grazing (Gazolla et al, 2013; Loss et al, 2012a,b,c; Souza et al, 2009)
The authors reported that the lower values of C and carbon stock (Csto) in pasture area (PA) were due to the lower deposition of plant residues compared to the other areas
The results found by Comin et al (2018) indicated that the adopting soil management systems with conservationist bases that use permanent soil coverage and crop rotation can maintain or improve the soil organic matter (SOM) content, as well as observed in this study (Figure 1)
Summary
The no-tillage system (NTS), with its three basic principles - maintenance of vegetal residues on the surface, crop rotation (CR), and minimum soil turning - was proposed for the Cerrado as an alternative to conventional methods to minimize the impacts on the soil owing to different forms of use (Carvalho et al, 2010; Loss et al, 2016).in the Brazilian Cerrado region, one of the basic principles of NTS, has been replaced by crop succession (CS), mainly due to the limited number of economic crops for the autumn/winter season (Carneiro et al, 2013; Fidelis et al, 2003).Some previous studies have indicated that NTS with second crop “safrinha” soybean-corn succession (SCS), in some situations, provides inadequate and insufficient soil coverage (Carneiro et al, 2013; Ceccon et al, 2013; Maria and Gomes, 2012), with lower soil organic matter (SOM) content and higher bulk density and resistance to penetration when compared to NTS with Cerrado region (Franchini et al, 2011).the soybean-millet succession (SMS) under NTS has yielded dry mass (straw) yields above the minimum required amount (10 Mg ha-1) for the adoption of NTS in the Brazilian Cerrado (Almeida et al, 2008; Brancalião and Moraes, 2008; Brancalião et al, 2007; Carneiro et al, 2008; Torres et al, 2008; Loss et al, 2012a,b), increasing the organic matter content in Ferralsols (Bressan et al, 2013; Pereira et al, 2010) and/or keeping the carbon (C) content similar to that found in the native Cerrado (Loss et al, 2012c).Previous studies have shown that crop-livestock integration (CLI) allied to NTS tends to increase organic matter and carbon stocks in the soil, sometimes even to match and/or exceed the values found in areas of native vegetation of the Cerrado and NTS without grazing (Gazolla et al, 2013; Loss et al, 2012a,b,c; Souza et al, 2009). The no-tillage system (NTS), with its three basic principles - maintenance of vegetal residues on the surface, crop rotation (CR), and minimum soil turning - was proposed for the Cerrado as an alternative to conventional methods to minimize the impacts on the soil owing to different forms of use (Carvalho et al, 2010; Loss et al, 2016). In the Brazilian Cerrado region, one of the basic principles of NTS, has been replaced by crop succession (CS), mainly due to the limited number of economic crops for the autumn/winter season (Carneiro et al, 2013; Fidelis et al, 2003). Among the reasons for this increase, we highlight the association of several factors that act together, such as: high dry mass production of the aerial part and roots of the brachiaria (Urochloa sp), input of bovine waste to the area; deposition of crop residue from annual crops and fertilizers used (Loss et al, 2012a,b,c; Souza et al, 2009)
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