Physical and Paste Properties Comparison of Four Snacks Produced by High Protein Quinoa Flour Extrusion Cooking

Karen Sofia Muñoz-Pabon,Astrid Soraya Parra-Polanco,Jose Luis Hoyos-Concha,Jesus Eduardo Bravo-Gomez,Diego Fernando Roa-Acosta

doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.852224

Karen Sofia Muñoz-Pabon, Astrid Soraya Parra-Polanco + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.852224

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Abstract

Extrusion cooking is used to produce puffed snacks based on cereals and feed ingredients. Because of its nutritional properties, quinoa flour has been employed to prepare various types of foods. This study evaluates the effects of including hyper-protein quinoa flour obtained through abrasive milling in four formulations cooked at 27% moisture content and processed in a laboratory level single screw extruder to determine their physical, textural, and pasting properties. The results indicated that additional hyper-protein quinoa flour in the cereal mixture reduced 47% the expansion index (EI), while the extrudate density (ED) and hardness increased 54 and 130%, respectively. After the extrusion process, the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) increased by more than 100%. The addition of hyper-protein quinoa flour (25–37%) did not affect the WAI, but an increase in the WSI was observed. The quinoa flour extrusion process generated changes on the color mainly in the L parameter, which decreased in the extruded snacks with quinoa flour inclusion (51.49), compared to the snack without inclusion (62.68). Changing the integrity of the starch granules and associated proteins, causing a decrease in the viscosity peaks during heating and subsequent cooling. The extruded samples revealed stability in the retrogradation process. Extruded snacks from quinoa could be an alternative approach to produce feed ingredients with high protein contents.

Highlights

Extrusion cooking is a versatile technique used for decades to formulate cereal-based snacks through a process that involves higher temperature and short-term cooking
The protein content reported for whole quinoa seed was comparable to data presented by the literature (Abugoch, 2009)
The protein content of the hiper- protein quinoa flour (HPQF) is 53% higher than the whole quinoa, this value corroborates that the polishing process with the abrasion mill allows the removal of the pericarp which decreases the volume of dietary fiber but not the protein or fat content (D’Amico et al, 2019)

Summary

Introduction

Extrusion cooking is a versatile technique used for decades to formulate cereal-based snacks through a process that involves higher temperature and short-term cooking This process uses rice or corn flours to produce expanded ready-to-eat snacks (Tas and Shah, 2021), that have a pleasant tasting, and are energy dense, low in protein, and high in starch, calories, fat, sodium and refined carbohydrates (Schlinkert et al, 2020). For this reason, the food industry is in search of alternative naturally grown grains that offer a valuable nutritional profile that adapt to adverse climatic conditions, for example, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a grain native to the Andes of. Quinoa is recognized for its remarkable amounts of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, phytosterols, and flavonoids

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