Abstract
End-of-life tires (ELTs) represent a great source of readily available, low-cost and sustainable construction materials having excellent engineering properties. Their reuse (in the form of granulated rubber mixed with soils) in large-volume recycling civil (geotechnical) engineering applications would be beneficial and should be encouraged. It is estimated that at present worldwide only less than 10% of ELTs are reused in geotechnical applications, while nearly 40% are recycled as tire-derived fuel. Although many studies have focused on the material characterization of soil-rubber mixtures (SRMs), it appears that the results of such investigations have not been properly compiled and compared, making it difficult to fully understand the potential applicability of SRMs. In an attempt to provide useful insights facilitating the use of SRMs as geotechnical construction materials, this review paper presents a comprehensive review of published research on the engineering properties of granular soils (i.e., mainly sand and gravel) blended with various recycled rubber inclusions. Available experimental data are scrutinized, and the results of the analyses are presented and discussed primarily in terms of effects of rubber content and aspect ratio (ratio of rubber to gravel median particle sizes) on compaction, permeability, strength and compression properties along with dynamic and cyclic deformation characteristics of SRMs. This review paper may help to alleviate the concerns of designers and consumers and encourage and further promote the use of recycled rubber tires on a larger scale in civil engineering projects.
Highlights
End-of-life tires (ELTs) are non-reusable tires in their original form
In an attempt to provide useful insights facilitating the use of soil-rubber mixtures (SRMs), this paper presents a comprehensive review of published research studies on the geotechnical engineering properties of ELT inclusions blended with different granular soils, the main focus being on the effects of rubber content and relative rubber/soil size on compaction and permeability properties, compressibility and strength behavior, as well as dynamic and cyclic deformation characteristics
The friction angle of pure rubber is generally lower than pure soil, there is a range of VRC (i.e., 20% < VRC < 50%) in which the friction angle of sand-rubber mixtures seems to be higher than pure sand
Summary
End-of-life tires (ELTs) are non-reusable tires in their original form. They enter a waste management system based on product/material recycling, energy recovery or go to disposal [1]. From a geotechnical engineering viewpoint, ELTs can be recycled under the form of granulated rubber and mixed with granular soils and, represent a great source of lowcost, environmentally friendly and sustainable construction materials having excellent engineering properties. The results of the analyses focusing o the compaction and permeability properties, mechanical behavior, dynamic and cyclic de formation characteristics of SRMs are presented and discussed primarily in terms of ef Hereafter, findings from previous relevant studies are summarized and experimental data available from the literature are scrutinized. The results of the analyses focusing on the compaction and permeability properties, mechanical behavior, dynamic and cyclic deformation characteristics of SRMs are presented and discussed primarily in terms of effects of gravimetric (GRC) or volumetric (VRC) rubber content and aspect ratio of rubber to gravel median particle sizes. Where MRubber and VRubber are the mass and the volume of the rubber particle fraction in the mixture, respectively; and MSoil and VSoil are the mass and the volume of soil fraction in the mixture
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