Physical activity and the incidence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: Findings from the PAMPA cohort

Abstract

We examined the longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and the incidence of self-reported diagnosed depression in adults in southern Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from the PAMPA (Prospective Study About Mental and Physical Health) cohort was used. Data collection for baseline was carried out on June–July 2020, with two follow-up assessments taking place six months apart. An online, self-reported questionnaire assessed depression and PA. Depression was assessed by asking participants whether they were ever diagnosed with depression. We included 441 participants (women: 75.9%; mean age [SD]: 38.0 [13.5]) in southern Brazil. Over the follow-up, 21.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.1%–25.9%) were diagnosed with depression. Insufficiently active (<150 min per week of physical activity) (Incidence rate [IR]: 61.9; 95%CI: 39.5–102.4; p = 0.047) and active (≥150 min per week of physical activity) (IR: 50.4; 95%CI: 31.9–84.0; p = 0.015) participants had reduced IR of depression per 1000 persons-year at risk compared to inactive ones (0 min per week of physical activity) (IR: 99.9; 95%CI: 79.7–126.8). In the adjusted analyses, participants in the insufficient active (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.58; 95%CI: 0.34–0.98) and active (HR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.31–0.93) group had a lower risk of developing depression than the inactive group. PA both at and out of home reduced the risk of incident depression (HR: 0.49; 95%CI: 0.25–0.98) compared to no physical activity. Endurance (HR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.28–0.97) and endurance plus strengthening (HR: 0.40; 95%CI: 0.17–0.95) PA reduced the risk of incident depression compared to none. Being physically active during pandemic, regardless of the amount of PA practiced, reduced the incidence of depression in adults in southern Brazil.