Abstract
Quaternary climatic changes have been recognized to influence the distribution patterns and evolutionary histories of extant organisms, but their effects on alpine species are not well understood. To investigate the Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the genetic structure of amphibians, we sequenced one mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments in Nanorana parkeri, a frog endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, across its distribution range in the southern plateau. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and three nuclear genes (c-Myc2, Rhod, and Tyr) revealed two distinct lineages (i.e. the lineages East and West), which were strongly geographically structured. The split of the two divergent lineages was dated back earlier than the Middle Pleistocene, probably being associated with climatic and ecological factors. Species distribution modeling, together with the phylogeographic structuring, supported the hypothesis of multiple refugia for N. parkeri on the Tibetan Plateau during the Pleistocene glaciations, and suggested the Yarlung Zangbo valley and the Kyichu catchment to be the potential refugia. Our findings indicate that Pleistocene climatic changes have had a great impact on the evolution and demographic history of N. parkeri. Our study has important implications for conservation of this and other frog species in the Tibetan Plateau.
Highlights
Phylogeography of Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Ranidae) and multiple refugia on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
Our findings indicate that Pleistocene climatic changes have had a great impact on the evolution and demographic history of N. parkeri
Some earlier studies suggested that the low-altitude periphery of the Tibetan Plateau served as glacial refugia for the flora and fauna living in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas[15,16,18,22,23]
Summary
Phylogeography of Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Ranidae) and multiple refugia on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. To investigate the Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the genetic structure of amphibians, we sequenced one mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments in Nanorana parkeri, a frog endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, across its distribution range in the southern plateau. Effects of the late Pleistocene climatic changes on phylogeographic structures in different species have been extensively investigated in Europe and North America[2] These issues have not been as well understood in mountainous areas as in the continental regions[3,4], especially in Asian high mountain ranges. Asynchronous glaciations appeared to occur between mountain-plateau and continental regions, and even within mountain-plateau regions[5,6,7,8] In this context, the Tibetan Plateau is an ideal site to investigate the effects of climatic changes on genetic divergence and differentiation of alpine organisms. Relatively few studies focused on the heterogeneous south and the interior region of the plateau, most of which focused on the alpine flora[16,17,19,24]
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