Phylogeography of Cycas revoluta Thunb. (Cycadaceae) on the Ryukyu Islands: very low genetic diversity and geographical structure

Abstract

Variations in the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of Cycas revoluta Thunb. (Cycadaceae) were examined in 22 populations distributed across the Ryukyu Islands and southern Kyushu. Among the 14,130 bp of sequence examined, only one site mutation and one indel were polymorphic. The identified polymorphisms were located in the spacers between trnS (UGA) and trnfM (CAU) of the chloroplast DNA and between nad1 exon B and exon C of the mitochondrial DNA, respectively. Three haplotypes were identified from the Ryukyu Islands and southern Kyushu. The areas of distribution of the three haplotypes were highly geographically structured. The boundaries of two of the three haplotypes were demarcated by Okinoerabujima Island in the middle Ryukyus. The northern type and southern types lay north and south of the island, respectively. The third haplotype was almost sympatrically distributed with the southern type. The genetic variation within C. revoluta was estimated to be very low (h = 0.641, π = 0.00071) in comparison to its relative in Taiwan, C. taitungensis, which possesses 97 cpDNA haplotypes and 55 mtDNA haplotypes from two relic populations. A reasonable explanation for the low genetic diversity of the cycad on the Ryukyu Islands could be severe bottleneck effects, resulting from the submersion of low islands and the diminished landmass of islands in the interglacial age in the Quaternary period. The geographically restricted nature of the haplotypes could be attributed to vicariance resulting from the land configuration of the Ryukyu Islands, including changes in geography during the interglacial age in the Quaternary.