Abstract
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most severe viral zoonozes. It is prevalent throughout Africa, Asia and southern Europe. Limited availability of sequence data has hindered phylogeographic studies. The complete genomic sequence of all three segments of 14 Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains isolated from 1958–2000 in Russia, Central Asia and Africa was identified. Each genomic segment was independently subjected to continuous Bayesian phylogeographic analysis. The origin of each genomic segment was traced to Africa about 1,000–5,000 years ago. The virus was first introduced to South and Central Asia in the Middle Ages, and then spread to China, India and Russia. Reverse transfers of genomic segments from Asia to Africa were also observed. The European CCHFV genotype V was introduced to Europe via the Astrakhan region in South Russia 280–400 years ago and subsequently gradually spread westward in Russia, to Turkey and the Balkans less than 150 years ago. Only a few recombination events could be suggested in S and L genomic segments, while segment reassortment was very common. The median height of a non-reassortant phylogenetic tree node was 68–156 years. There were reassortment events within the European CCHFV lineage, but not with viruses from other locations. Therefore, CCHFV in Europe is a recently emerged zoonosis that represents a spillover from the global gene pool.
Highlights
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis that is prevalent in Africa, Asia and Europe
We identified the complete coding sequence of 14 genomes of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strains that were isolated from 1958–2012 in Russia, Central Asia and Africa and represent several of the genetic lineages
Complete coding sequences were obtained for 14 CCHFV genomes (Table 1)
Summary
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis that is prevalent in Africa, Asia and Europe. Case-fatality rates range from 5 to 30% [1]. CCHFV virus belongs to the genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The negative-sense RNA genome has three segments. The small (S) segment is about 1.7 Kb long and encodes a nucleoprotein. The medium (M) segment is approximately 5.3 Kb long and encodes a single ORF that is cleaved into two envelope glycoproteins and a hypervariable protein of ca. 250 amino acids known as a mucin- The medium (M) segment is approximately 5.3 Kb long and encodes a single ORF that is cleaved into two envelope glycoproteins and a hypervariable protein of ca. 250 amino acids known as a mucin-
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