Phylogeography of a widely distributed plant species reveals cryptic genetic lineages with parallel phenotypic responses to warming and drought conditions.

Sandra M Kahl,Jasmin Joshi,Christian Kappel,Michael Lenhard

doi:10.1002/ece3.8103

Abstract

To predict how widely distributed species will perform under future climate change, it is crucial to understand and reveal their underlying phylogenetics. However, detailed information about plant adaptation and its genetic basis and history remains scarce and especially widely distributed species receive little attention despite their putatively high adaptability.To examine the adaptation potential of a widely distributed species, we sampled the model plant Silene vulgaris across Europe. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed the offspring of these populations to a climate change scenario for central Europe and revealed the population structure through whole‐genome sequencing. Plants were grown under two temperatures (18°C and 21°C) and three precipitation regimes (65, 75, and 90 mm) to measure their response in biomass and fecundity‐related traits. To reveal the population genetic structure, ddRAD sequencing was employed for a whole‐genome approach. We found three major genetic clusters in S. vulgaris from Europe: one cluster comprising Southern European populations, one cluster of Western European populations, and another cluster containing central European populations. Population genetic diversity decreased with increasing latitude, and a Mantel test revealed significant correlations between F ST and geographic distances as well as between genetic and environmental distances. Our trait analysis showed that the genetic clusters significantly differed in biomass‐related traits and in the days to flowering. However, half of the traits showed parallel response patterns to the experimental climate change scenario. Due to the differentiated but parallel response patterns, we assume that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role for the adaptation of the widely distributed species S. vulgaris and its intraspecific genetic lineages.

Highlights

Throughout their evolutionary history, organisms have had to cope with changing climates or other environmental changes
Due to the differentiated but parallel response patterns, we assume that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role for the adaptation of the widely distributed species S. vulgaris and its intraspecific genetic lineages
To reliably predict biodiversity changes under climate change, it is important to take a closer look at the phylogeography of species as genetic lineages on an intraspecific level may differ in their adaptive genetic responses (Prunier et al, 2012; Schwarzer & Joshi, 2017)

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

Throughout their evolutionary history, organisms have had to cope with changing climates or other environmental changes. We reported in an earlier study that S. vulgaris responds considerably toward climatic changes through phenotypic plasticity (Kahl et al, 2019a) These characteristics make S. vulgaris a suitable species to investigate the response differences of genetic lineages to climate change. We chose those plant traits that are known to strongly react to temperature and precipitation changes and are proxies for plant fitness (Eziz et al, 2017; Hatfield & Prueger, 2015; Memmott et al, 2007; Wellstein et al, 2017) It was the aim of the study (a) to reveal the genetic population structure of the sampled S. vulgaris populations across Europe and (b) to test whether putatively different genetic lineages of S. vulgaris showed a different response to a simulated climate change scenario for central Europe

| MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Findings

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| DISCUSSION