Abstract
We examined the genetic variation and phylogeographic relationships among 10 populations of Lunella granulata from mainland China, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan Island, and Japan using mitochondrial COI and 16S markers. A total of 45 haplotypes were obtained in 112 specimens, and relatively high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.903) and low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0046) were detected. Four major phylogenetic lineage clusters were revealed and were concordant with their geographic distribution, agreeing with the haplotype network. These results suggested that geographic barrier isolating effects were occurring among the populations. This hypothesis was also supported by a significant genetic differentiation index (FST = 0.709) and by a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) analysis. A mismatch distribution analysis, neutrality tests and Bayesian skyline plots found a single significant population expansion. This expansion occurred on the coast of mainland China before 20–17 ka. Consequently, although the dispersal ability of the planktonic stage and the circulation of ocean currents generally promote genetic exchanges among populations, L. granulata has tended to maintain distinct genetic groups that reflect the respective geographic origins of the constituent lineages. Although the circulation of ocean currents, in principle, may still play a role in determining the genetic composition of populations, long-distance migration between regions is difficult even at the planktonic stage.
Highlights
Information on population structure is required for management and conservation strategy design in marine species facing overexploitation and extinction risk [1]
Specimens of L. granulata were selected from 10 populations including mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan (Table 1; Figure 1)
Our study shows that the populations of L. granulata that we analyzed exhibit a strong genetic structure corresponding to their geographic origins
Summary
Information on population structure is required for management and conservation strategy design in marine species facing overexploitation and extinction risk [1]. To counteract the significant decline in fisheries resources, an understanding of population genetic structure and the distribution of genetic diversity among populations is needed for conservation management of economically important species [2]. The moon turban snail (Lunella granulata Gmelin, 1791), distributed primarily in the Indo-West. L. granulata is one of the most important species for the residents of the Penghu Archipelago and Taiwan due to its abundance and widespread distribution. The life history of the moon turban snail begins with the planktonic larval stage, which begins one day after hatching. The congener L. coreensis maintains its planktonic larval stage for
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