Phylogeography and demographic history of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae), an ectoparasite on the East Asia Amur minnow (Cyprinidae) in Central China.

Tao Chen,Jun Yan,Juan Chen,Xiaoning Chen,Ping You,Ling Tang

doi:10.1002/ece3.6000

Tao Chen, Jun Yan + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6000

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Abstract

Gyrodactylus konovalovi is an ectoparasite on the Amur minnow (Rhynchocypris lagowskii) that is widely distributed in the cold fresh waters of East Asia. In the present study, the phylogeography and demographic history of G. konovalovi and the distribution of its host in the Qinling Mountains are examined. A total of 79 individual parasites was sequenced for a 528 bp region of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene, and 25 haplotypes were obtained. The substitution rate (dN/dS) was 0.068 and indicated purifying selection. Haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) varied widely in the Qinling Mountains. Phylogenetic trees based on Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML), and maximum parsimony (MP) methods and network analysis revealed that all haplotypes were consistently well‐supported in three different lineages, indicating a significant geographic distribution pattern. There was a significant positive correlation between genetic differentiation (F st) and geographic distance. The results of mismatch distribution, neutrality test and Bayesian skyline plot analyses showed that whole populations underwent population contraction during the Pleistocene. Based on the molecular clock calibration, the most common ancestor was estimated to have emerged in the middle Pleistocene. Our study suggests for the first time that a clearly phylogeography of G. konovalovi was shaped by geological events and climate fluctuations, such as orogenesis, drainage capture changes, and vicariance, during the Pleistocene in the Qinling Mountains.

Highlights

Phylogeography is the study of historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of genealogical lineages within and among closely related species and is primarily conducted using molecular markers (Avise, 2000)
We first examined the phylogeography and demographic history of the G. konovalovi based on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene from 79 individuals from eleven populations and its host distribution in the Qinling Mountains in central China, assessed the population genetic differentiation and demographic history and tested how the geological events or climate oscillation during the Pleistocene may have affected the current phylogeographic pattern of this parasite
Most of demographic analyses indicated that the expansion of lineage A and lineage C began simultaneously, 0.01 million years ago (Mya) after the LMG during the late Pleistocene, which corresponds to the end of Dali glaciation in the Qinling Mountains in accordance with findings in M. gonialosae, G. arcuatus, G. gondae, and G. corydori (Bueno-Silva et al, 2011; Huyse et al, 2017; Li et al, 2011; Lumme et al, 2016)

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

Phylogeography is the study of historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of genealogical lineages within and among closely related species and is primarily conducted using molecular markers (Avise, 2000). MtDNA has been widely regarded as an effective molecular marker in studies of population genetics, phylogeography and comparative phylogeography (Bowen et al, 2016; Hansen, Bakke, & Bachmann, 2007; Hardouin et al, 2018; Huang et al, 2017; Huyse, Oeyen, Larmuseau, & Volckaert, 2017; Li, Shi, Brown, & Yang, 2011; Lumme, Mäkinen, Ermolenko, Gregg, & Ziętara, 2016; Pettersen, Mo, Hansen, & Vøllestad, 2015; Schneider, Cunningham, & Moritz, 1998; Wang, Jiang, Xie, & Li, 2012; Wu et al, 2009; Yu, Chen, Tang, Li, & Liu, 2014) Such studies have revealed the roles of population geographic distribution, population expansion, dispersal, gene flow, climate oscillation, and vicariance in shaping current phylogeographic patterns. We first examined the phylogeography and demographic history of the G. konovalovi based on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene from 79 individuals from eleven populations and its host distribution in the Qinling Mountains in central China, assessed the population genetic differentiation and demographic history and tested how the geological events or climate oscillation during the Pleistocene may have affected the current phylogeographic pattern of this parasite

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| DISCUSSION

Findings

| CONCLUSIONS