Abstract
BackgroundThe plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani is a widely distributed insect species on plane trees and has a well-documented colonisation history in Europe over the last century. However, phylogeographic data of the species are lacking.ResultsWe analysed 284 individuals from 38 populations across Europe, Asia, and North America. A 1242 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene and an 893 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA has been Sanger sequenced. Twenty-four haplotypes were detected on the COI gene, and two alleles were identified on the 28S rDNA. We revealed two distinct clades for both markers reflecting the geographic origins, Asia and Europe. The genetic distance between the two main clades is 2.08% on the COI gene and 0.10% on the nuclear DNA.An overlapping zone of the two clades was found across Eastern Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula. We detected heterozygote individuals of the 28S rDNA gene in Moldavia, Ukraine and in the southern part of Turkey. These suggest that the two clades can hybridise. Furthermore, the presence of European type homozygote individuals has been confirmed in the southern part of Turkey as well.ConclusionsWe have shown that both post-glacial recolonization and recent expansion events influenced the present genetic structure of P. platani. The genetic patterns revealed at least two refugia during the last ice age: one in the Balkan Peninsula and the other in the Caucasus region. Recent expansion was detected in some European and Central Asian populations. The two main clades (Europe/Asia) show definite genetic differences; however, several hybrid individuals were found in the overlapping zone as well (stretching over Eastern Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula). Discrepancies in mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate introgressions in the southern part of the Anatolian Peninsula.
Highlights
The plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani is a widely distributed insect species on plane trees and has a well-documented colonisation history in Europe over the last century
COI mtDNA Twenty-four haplotypes were detected on the 1242 bp long fragment of the COI gene (Table 1, Fig. 2, Additional file 1)
The other can be recent expansion or invasion. The latter is well described for the P. 12platani populations [3, 5, 75]; possible glacial refugial areas of the species remain unclear [4]. We demonstrated that both post-glacial recolonization and recent expansion events influenced the present genetic structure of P. platani
Summary
The plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani is a widely distributed insect species on plane trees and has a well-documented colonisation history in Europe over the last century. The plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani (STAUDINGER, 1870), is one of the most important invasive Gracillariidae species [3, 4]. Its colonisation history is well documented across Europe and its range expansion started in the second half of the nineteenth century [3, 5]. According to the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae [6] Phyllonorycter platani (STAUDINGER, 1870) has a large distribution area across Europe, the Anatolian Peninsula, Near-East and Central Asia. Lopez-Vaamonde et al [4] considered the area of origin of P. platani as unknown
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