Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Papilio bianor Cramer from its extant range was evaluated to provide a phylogeographic history of its populations from China. Molecular variation in a 655 bp section of COII from 128 individuals (22 populations) was analysed, and 17 haplotypes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three major lineages, northeastern, southwestern and central lineages. The sequence divergence suggests that these regions had been isolated since the early Pleistocene. Nested clade, coalescent and genetic structure analyses indicate that allopatric fragmentation might be the cause of the deep divergence within the species. This period of allopatry was followed by contiguous range expansion, presumably involving recolonisation of formerly glaciated or uninhabitable areas from at least three refuges.
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