Abstract
The legume tribe Genisteae comprises 618, predominantly temperate species, showing an amphi-Atlantic distribution that was caused by several long-distance dispersal events. Seven out of the 16 authenticated rhizobial genera can nodulate particular Genisteae species. Bradyrhizobium predominates among rhizobia nodulating Genisteae legumes. Bradyrhizobium strains that infect Genisteae species belong to both the Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii superclades. In symbiotic gene phylogenies, Genisteae bradyrhizobia are scattered among several distinct clades, comprising strains that originate from phylogenetically distant legumes. This indicates that the capacity for nodulation of Genisteae spp. has evolved independently in various symbiotic gene clades, and that it has not been a long-multi-step process. The exception is Bradyrhizobium Clade II, which unlike other clades comprises strains that are specialized in nodulation of Genisteae, but also Loteae spp. Presumably, Clade II represents an example of long-lasting co-evolution of bradyrhizobial symbionts with their legume hosts.
Highlights
Origin and Differentiation of the Tribe GenisteaeThe Genisteae is one of the largest tribes within the legume family (Fabaceae) with ca. 618 species within 25 genera [1]
For Bradyrhizobium isolates that were recovered from R. sphaerocarpa plants growing in different soil and climatic conditions in Spain, roughly one-third of the isolates clustered in the B. japonicum supergroup, whereas the remaining strains grouped in the B. elkanii cluster [93]
The high level of diversity shown by Genisteae microsymbionts most likely reflects the complex evolutionary history of this legume tribe, which can be linked to long-distance dispersal and radiation events in southern Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Americas
Summary
The Genisteae is one of the largest tribes within the legume family (Fabaceae) with ca. 618 species within 25 genera [1]. Most genera within the Genisteae show a preference for a temperate climate several lupin (Lupinus spp.) species inhabit tropical areas in eastern Brazil [2,3,4]. Given that the time of separation of the genus Lupinus and the in southern Africa Later, this tribe dispersed northward reaching the Mediterranean, where two Cytisinae-Genistinae genera has been estimated at ca. 16 million years ago, the process of differentiation other genera, Lupinus and Adenocarpus appeared. These events were followed by the emergence of into thethe extant. The Yule process was selected as a tree prior to Bayesian analysis, 10,000,000 generations were performed and the tree was visualized and edited using FigTree version 1.3.1 software [20]
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