Abstract
The separation of Sumatra and Java occurred at the end of the Miocene (10 mya) to the end of Pliocene (1.8 mya). The existence of ecological variations and geographic barriers inhibits gene flow through the isolation of adaptation, geography, reproduction, inbreeding, and leading to population segregation. Cobra (genus Naja ) distribution became greatly influenced by the geologic condition and sea level. This study was conducted by phylogenetic analysis towards the 16S rRNA gene. Survey was done with Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method on 6 localities. There were 3 locations in Sumatra Island and the others in Java Island. Sample from other Asian region was obtained from Genbank, which are 11 individuals from China, Thailand, and Nepal. DNA extraction was done according to the QIAmp ® DNA Mini Kit standard protocol. The forward and reverse 16S sequences are combined with the Sequencher TM version 4.1.4 program, then in BLAST (Blast Local Alignment Search Tool) at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Phylogenetic analyzes of clade A (MP = 60, ML = 54, BI = 88) indicate the presence of division into two monophyletic subclade (AI and AII). Subclade AI consists of groups of Cobra from Sunda (Thailand, Sumatra and Java). Subclade AII is a group of species N. kaouthia originating from Chumpon Province, Southern Thailand with (MP = 96, ML = 95, BI = 100). Clade B is divided into two subclasses (BI and BII). The result is supported by bootstrap value MP = 93, ML = 99, BI = 100. N. atra of Fujian Province is a sister lineage of the same species from Jiangxi Province (MP = 86, ML = 86, BI = 100). Keywords: Asian, 16s rRNA, Java, Cobra, Sumatra.
Highlights
The evolution of South Asia’s diversity was occurred in Paleocene epoch (60 mya-million years ago), when the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo still merged as a big continent, called as sundaland
Cobra distribution became greatly influenced by the geologic condition and sea level [3]
The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship of Naja genus in the island of Java, Sumatra, and other Asian region based on the 16S rRNA mithocondrial gene
Summary
The evolution of South Asia’s diversity was occurred in Paleocene epoch (60 mya-million years ago), when the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo still merged as a big continent, called as sundaland. The formation of the volcanic rings during Eocene (40 mya) and sea level fluctuations at the beginning of Miocene (23.03 mya) initiated the separation between the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. On the late Miocene, sea level fluctuations occured again and half of Java Island were flooded by water. Sumatra Island is estimated to occured in last 25 million years ago (late Miocene) and divided into west and east regions by Bukit Barisan mountains. The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship of Naja genus in the island of Java, Sumatra, and other Asian region based on the 16S rRNA mithocondrial gene. Zoogeography analysis is examined for more advance understanding between the correlation and evolution of Sundaland
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