Phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary origin, taxonomic status, and genetic structure of the endangered local Lower Elbe river (Germany) endemic Oenanthe conioides (Nolte ex Rchb.f.) Lange (Apiaceae): ITS and AFLP evidence

Abstract

Oenanthe conioides is an endangered local endemic of the Lower Elbe river region in Germany where it is found in areas with freshwater tides. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to investigate its phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary origin, taxonomic status, and genetic structure. Oe. conioides is most closely related to Oe. aquatica and Oe. fluviatilis, and cannot be distinguished from Oe. aquatica by ITS sequence variation. Oe. aquatica is found mainly in standing or slow-flowing freshwater habitats. The AFLP analysis indicated that Oe. conioides may constitute a monophyletic lineage nested within Oe. aquatica. Considering this result on the background of the sympatric distribution of the two species and their ecological differentiation, it is hypothesized that Oe. conioides arose sympatrically from Oe. aquatica through ecological divergence. It is concluded that Oe. conioides is best considered a subspecies of Oe. aquatica. AFLP analysis of Oe. conioides revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among populations reflecting the small geographical distance, the recent decline in population number and size, the connection of populations through the river, and their presumably high population dynamics. Considering this pattern of genetic variation, it is concluded that no individual population can be singled out as being particularly important from a genetic point of view. Also, all populations could be used as source material should the establishment of new populations or the enlargement of small populations be considered as a measure to consolidate the persistence of the species.