Phylogenetic Relationships among Whiteflies in the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Species Complex from Major Cassava Growing Areas in Kenya.

Duke M Manani,Elijah M Ateka,Steven R G Nyanjom,Laura M Boykin

doi:10.3390/insects8010025

Abstract

Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are major insect pests that affect many crops such as cassava, tomato, beans, cotton, cucurbits, potato, sweet potato, and ornamental crops. Bemisia tabaci transmits viral diseases, namely cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak diseases, which are the main constraints to cassava production, causing huge losses to many small-scale farmers. The aim of this work was to determine the phylogenetic relationships among Bemisia tabaci species in major cassava growing areas of Kenya. Surveys were carried out between 2013 and 2015 in major cassava growing areas (Western, Nyanza, Eastern, and Coast regions), for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI-DNA) was used to determine the genetic diversity of B. tabaci. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian methods to understand the genetic diversity across the study regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two B. tabaci species present in Kenya, sub-Saharan Africa 1 and 2 comprising five distinct clades (A–E) with percent sequence similarity ranging from 97.7 % to 99.5%. Clades B, C, D, and E are predominantly distributed in the Western and Nyanza regions of Kenya whereas clade B is dominantly found along the coast, the eastern region, and parts of Nyanza. Our B. tabaci clade A groups with sub-Saharan Africa 2-(SSA2) recorded a percent sequence similarity of 99.5%. In this study, we also report the identification of SSA2 after a 15 year absence in Kenya. The SSA2 species associated with CMD has been found in the Western region of Kenya bordering Uganda. More information is needed to determine if these species are differentially involved in the epidemiology of the cassava viruses.

Highlights

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) is an important source of food to more than one fifth of the world’s population spread over Africa, Asia, and South America [1]
We report the identification of SSA2 after a 15 year absence in Kenya
In Kenya, the disease is predominantly caused by Geminiviruses, namely African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) [9]

Summary

Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) is an important source of food to more than one fifth of the world’s population spread over Africa, Asia, and South America [1]. Cassava is ranked third most important source of carbohydrates in Africa, and it is the second most important food crop after maize in western. The cassava crop has a wide range of uses; it is a food security-crop which is estimated to be consumed by approximately 500 million people in Africa [4,5]. Cassava roots are a rich source of carbohydrate while leaves are high in proteins, minerals, and vitamins. The roots of cassava save many lives during famine conditions, especially in various parts of Kenya that experience drought, thereby playing a major role in food security and contributing to poverty reduction [2]. CMD has been a major biotic constraint to cassava production in Africa [8].

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