Phylogenetic regionalization of marine plants reveals close evolutionary affinities among disjunct temperate assemblages

Abstract

While our knowledge of species distributions and diversity in the terrestrial biosphere has increased sharply over the last decades, we lack equivalent knowledge of the marine world. Here, we use the phylogenetic tree of seagrasses along with their global distributions and a metric of phylogenetic beta diversity to generate a phylogenetically-based delimitation of marine phytoregions (phyloregions). We then evaluate their evolutionary affinities and explore environmental correlates of phylogenetic turnover between them. We identified 11 phyloregions based on the clustering of phylogenetic beta diversity values. Most phyloregions can be classified as either temperate or tropical, and even geographically disjunct temperate regions can harbor closely related species assemblages. Geographic differences in sea surface temperatures account for more phylogenetic turnover than either water salinity or bathymetry. We also found a strong temperate-tropical gradient in evolutionary distinctiveness, with temperate phyloregions being the most evolutionarily unique. Our results highlight differences between the marine and terrestrial worlds, and suggest that the interplay between long-distance dispersal and phylogenetic niche conservatism played a central role in determining the contemporary distributions of seagrasses worldwide.