Abstract
Although woody plant encroachment of tropical forest ecosystems has been related to altered disturbance regimes, its impacts on the nearest neighborhood structures and community phylogenetics are still poorly understood. Streblus macrophyllus is a light-demanding species during its early life stages and is shade-tolerant as a mature tree. S. macrophyllus can be found in tropical karst evergreen forests in northern Vietnam. It often regenerates at high densities in anthropogenic disturbed forest stands. To understand the structural patterns of disturbed forests encroached by S. macrophyllus at different abundance levels, three fully mapped 1-ha plots were established in Cuc Phuong National Park. Methods considering the phylogenetic community and nearest neighbor statistics were applied to identify how community structure changes during S. macrophyllus encroachment. Results showed that phylogenetic distance, phylogenetic diversity, and mean phylogenetic distance increased when species diversity increased and the abundance of S. macrophyllus decreased in forest communities. Net related index values were positive, which indicates a clustered phylogenetic structure among all sampled forest communities. S. macrophyllus trees were mixed well with heterospecifics and had regular to aggregated distributions, whereas the species showed evidence of being a strong competitor with its neighbors. Competition could be a major ecological process regulating forest communities encroached by S. macrophyllus. According to the forest disturbance effects, phylogenetic community properties showed the loss of phylogenetic relatedness when S. macrophyllus increased in abundance. To our knowledge, S. macrophyllus encroaches tropical rain forest communities as a disturbance-adapted species.
Highlights
A fundamental aim in ecological studies is to understand processes and mechanisms that control the distribution and abundance of species [1]
For a better understanding of the nearest neighbor structure, we addressed the following research questions: (1) How did forest community structures change in response to S. macrophyllus encroachment? (2) Do nearest neighbor relationships vary depending on the density of S. macrophyllus populations?
The results indicated that the mixture of S. macrophyllus with other tree species increased in adjacent neighbors, while its abundance decreased from P1 to P3
Summary
A fundamental aim in ecological studies is to understand processes and mechanisms that control the distribution and abundance of species [1]. Forests 2020, 11, 722 mechanisms and processes that influence species assemblage in order to gain deeper insights into species associations and community structure. Ecological theories such as competition, facilitation, dispersal limitation, habitat preference, neutral theory, or the Janzen–Connell hypothesis (proposed for explaining community structure and species coexistence in species-rich forests) are mainly developed based on species spatial characteristics [2]. Species coexistence in diverse communities (i.e., tropical forests) can be described by neutral theory, which assumes that since species are functionally equivalent, the process rate is the same for each species on a per capita basis, and variation in abundance between species is a result of “accidental” dispersal and ecological drift [7]
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