Abstract
In humans, the frizzled (FZD) gene family encodes 10 homologous proteins that commonly localize to the plasma membrane. Besides being associated with three main signaling pathways for cell development, most FZDs have different physiological effects and are major determinants in the development process of vertebrates and. Here, we identified and annotated the FZD genes in the whole-genome of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a teleost fish, and determined their phylogenetic relationships to FZDs in other vertebrates. Our analyses revealed extensive gene duplications in the common carp that have led to the 26 FZD genes that we detected in the common carp genome. All 26 FZD genes were assigned orthology to the 10 FZD genes of on-land vertebrates, with none of genes being specific to the fish lineage. We postulated that the expansion of the FZD gene family in common carp was the result of an additional whole genome duplication event and that the FZD gene family in other teleosts has been lost in their evolution history with the reason that the functions of genes are redundant and conservation. Through the expression profiling of FZD genes in common carp, we speculate that the ancestral gene was likely capable of performing all functions and was expressed broadly, while some descendant duplicate genes only performed partial functions and were specifically expressed at certain stages of development.
Highlights
The frizzled (FZD) genes were first identified genetically in Drosophila melanogaster, where mutations of FZDs were reported to disrupt the polarity of epidermal cells and cause a planar cell polarity phenotype in the adult fly [1]
The 26 genes were distributed on 11 chromosomes and eight scaffolds (Table 1) in the common carp genome and revealed substantial gene family expansion compared with other vertebrates
Phylogenetic analysis and nomenclature of FZD gene family in common carp In the evolution of higher eukaryotes, WGDs followed by polyploidization, as well as gene loss, have been an important recurrent process
Summary
The frizzled (FZD) genes were first identified genetically in Drosophila melanogaster, where mutations of FZDs were reported to disrupt the polarity of epidermal cells and cause a planar cell polarity phenotype in the adult fly [1]. FZDs have been identified in primitive metazoans, including the sponge Suberites domuncula [2], and in Hydra vulgaris [3], but have not been. Research and Development Program of China (863 program; 2011AA100401), Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (2014A03YQ01) and the introduction of advanced agricultural science and technology key projects (2011-G12).
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