Phylogenetic and biogeographic history of brook lampreys (Lampetra: Petromyzontidae) in the river basins of the Adriatic Sea based on DNA barcode data.

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The Adriatic brook lamprey, Lampetra zanandreai Vladykov 1955, was described from northeastern Italy. Its distribution is thought to include left tributaries of the River Po and the river basins of the Adriatic Sea from the River Po to the River Isonzo/Soča in Italy, Switzerland and Slovenia. It also shows a geographically isolated distribution in the Potenza River on the Adriatic slope in Central Italy. Lampetra from the Neretva River system in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Morača River system in Montenegro that were previously identified as L. zanandreai were recently described as a new species Lampetra soljani Tutman, Freyhof, Dulčić, Glamuzina & Geiger 2017 based on morphological data and a genetic distance between the two species of roughly 2.5% in the DNA barcoding gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Since DNA barcodes for L. zanandreai are only available for one population from the upper Po River in northwestern Italy, we generated additional COI nucleotide sequence data of this species from Switzerland, northeastern and central Italy comprising near topotypic material and obtained GenBank sequences of the species from Slovenia to better assess the evolutionary history of the two brook lamprey species in the river basins of the Adriatic Sea. Our data show a low sequence divergence of <1% between L. zanandreai from Switzerland, northeastern and central Italy and Slovenia and the Balkan species L. soljani. However, members of the population previously identified as 'L. zanandreai' from northwest Italy are genetically highly divergent from those of L. zanandreai and likely belong to an undescribed species, L. sp. 'upper Po'. The presence of a unique and highly divergent brook lamprey lineage in the upper Po River suggests that L. zanandreai and Lampetra sp. 'upper Po' may have evolved in separate paleo drainages during the formation of the modern Po Valley subsequent to marine inundations in the Pliocene.