Phylogenetic analysis of Antarctic notothenioid fishes based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Abstract

There has been some controversy over the phylogeny of Antarctic notothenioid fishes among researchers. In this study, total protein constituents of cardiac muscles from six well-known notothenioid species were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to obtain comprehensive phylogenetic information to shed light on the controversial issues. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that Gymnodraco acuticeps (Bathydraconidae) and Champsocephalus gunnari (Channichthyidae) composed a sistergroup, and that the family Nototheniidae was paraphyletic, because nototheniid Gobionotothen gibberifrons was more closely related to the bathydraconid-channichthyid clade than to the clade composed of three other nototheniid species. Our data also showed that Trematomus bernacchii was more closely related to Pagothenia borchgrevinki than to congeneric T. eulepidotus, suggesting that the taxonomic status of P. borchgrevinki or T. bernacchii should be re-evaluated. Since our results were supported by nucleotide sequence data on rRNA genes, phylogenetic relationships of Antarctic notothenioids have become more entrenched by molecular approaches at both protein and DNA levels.