Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) emerged in 2000 and is known for causing a more severe disease than other CPV-2 variants in puppies. In 2015, the emerging CPV-2c variant was isolated in Taiwan and it subsequently became the predominant variant. To trace the evolution of Taiwanese CPV-2c, we compared complete VP2 genes of CPV-2c from Taiwan and sequences obtained from GenBank. The evolutionary rate of CPV-2c was estimated to be 4.586 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (95% highest posterior density (HPD) was 3.284–6.076 × 10−4). The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) dated to 1990 (95% HPD: 1984–1996) and 2011 (95% HPD: 2010–2013) for the CPV-2c variant and Taiwanese isolates, respectively. The CPV-2c variant isolated from Taiwan was clustered with CPV-2c from China. This phylogenetic clade began to branch off in approximately 2010 (95% HPD was 3.823–6.497). Notably, two unique mutations of Taiwanese CPV-2c were found, Q383R and P410L. In summary, this is the first report on the genome evolution of CPV-2c in Taiwan, revealing that this CPV-2c variant shares a common evolutionary origin with strains from China. The demographic history inferred by the Bayesian skyline plot showed that the effective population of CPV-2c increased until 2006 and then slowly declined until 2011.
Highlights
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a non-enveloped single-stranded linear DNA virus belonging to the genus Protoparvovirus, a member of the Parvoviridae family
A total of 156 complete CPV-2c VP2 gene sequences including Taiwanese isolates and reference strains from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (Supplementary Materials Table S1) were analyzed with MEGA software version 7 [24]
Five CPV-2c positive samples were amplified in two overlapping fragments of 1436 and 1031 bp to obtain the full length of the VP2 gene sequence by using two sets of newly designed and reference primers [7]: first set: forward, 5 -CGGTGCAGGACAAGTAAAA-3 and reverse (Hrev), 5 -CATTTGGATAAACTGGTGGT-3 ; second set: forward (Hfor), 5 -CAGGTGATG AATTTGCTACA-3 and reverse, 5 -AATCTTAAAATAATRTGTAATAAAC-3
Summary
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a non-enveloped single-stranded linear DNA virus belonging to the genus Protoparvovirus, a member of the Parvoviridae family. The original CPV-2 was recognized in the late 1970s It was replaced as the predominant form in the dog population of the United States by CPV-2a in approximately 1980. The mean emerging date estimated for the CPV-2 clade from feline panleukopenia virus was 1968. Little information on the mean age of CPV-2c was available to develop an age estimate. Another retrospective analysis revealed that the oldest CPV-2c strain was identified in 1996 in Germany [10]. CPV-2a and CPV-2b were the major antigenic variants in Taiwan during the past two decades [18,21,22,23]. The capsid protein region on CPV-2 is highly antigenic and is the target of many neutralizing antibodies. To trace the evolutionary history of Taiwanese CPV-2c variants, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis based on full-length VP2 sequences from five Taiwanese CPV-2c strains and reference sequences retrieved from GenBank
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