Abstract
The present review paper aims to summarize our recent experience in research and development of new phthalocyanine complexes and investigations of the main photophysical, photochemical and photobiological properties which are related to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as alternative method for inactivation of the resistant pathogens. The effect of functionalization of Zn(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) with biologically-active natural substances such as amino acids, sugars and steroids was studied in comparison to the basic ZnPc ring molecule. The structural features of the substitution groups were chosen to facilitate the main properties responsible for PDT outcome. For example, the linkage groups of amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine and arginine have positive charge in physiological media to the better attachment to bacterial wall and some of them have a good fluorescence for a contribution to the visualization of the infected area. Also, ZnPcs linked to sugars and steroids was expecting to possess receptor specific selectivity. The physicochemical properties of the novel functionalized ZnPcs are presented in respect to their efficiency for a number of pathogenic bacterial and fungal species. Additionally, the complexes of two heavy metal ions such as lutetium(III) (Lu(III)) and tin(IV) (Sn(IV)) were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial PDT. These complexes were designed with the same structural skeleton as our previous water-soluble methylpiridyloxy-substituted phthalocyanine complexes with zinc (II), silicon (IV), germanium (IV), indium (III) and gallium (III), all with relatively promising antibacterial efficiency.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well-accepted curative modality with fast outcome after treatment, which is applicable on different acute disorders including infections [1, 2]
The cells were evaluated with saturation enough to expect the high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) products, which affect the membranes in the close vicinity of ZnPc4.1 with eight substitution groups was studied to have higher inactivation of planktonic and biofilm cultured
Zn(II) and Si(IV) coordinated complexes were studied with higher phototoxic effects towards C. albicans for lower concentrations than that needed with lutetium (III) phthalocyanines (LuPcs) and SnPcs
Summary
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well-accepted curative modality with fast outcome after treatment, which is applicable on different acute disorders including infections [1, 2]. The non-essential amino acids phenylalanine, lysine and arginine (for adolescent) are well documented with their positive physiological effects, curative action and the wide usage in medicine as prodrugs [28] To their biological functions, they have some specific properties as, for example, is the detectable fluorescence of tyrosine and phenylalanine [29]. Treatments of acute infections related to pathogenic species have been settled with the chemotherapy with conventional and newly developed antibiotics [32] Even so they are known to induce several side effects due to non-selectivity of uptakes, which can lead to harmful toxicity in healthy host tissues and the fast development of drug resistance to the treatment regime [33]
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