Abstract
The object of this study was to evaluate whether phthalic acid, which is one of the metabolites of phthalic acid esters, exerts estrogenic actions in WISH cells, an immortalized cell line derived from human amniotic tissue. Our data demonstrate that phthalic acid (i) displaces [ 3H]estradiol from its binding sites, (ii) enhances the intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, without influencing adenylyl cyclase activity, (iii) stimulates or inhibits prostaglandin output, probably depending on the intracellular nucleotide level. The effects on prostanoid release are counteracted by addition of the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, or when the diffusion of phthalic acid through the cell membrane is prevented. On the basis of our previous demonstration, that 17β-estradiol exerts similar effects in WISH cells, we suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying phthalic acid and steroid-hormone responses in this cell line are the same. This is the first demonstration that phthalic acid binds to the estrogen receptor with high affinity and mimics the hormone physiological actions.
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