Abstract
AbstractPhototherapy usually includes photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) to induce cell death. PDT utilizes the sensitization of the photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species by the intersystem crossing while PTT undergoes nonradiative decay to generate heat. Cancer immunotherapy has evolved as a new therapeutic modality to eradicate tumor cells by activating antigen-presenting cells, and thus, inducing innate or adaptive immune responses. Phototherapy is able to stimulate the immune system, usually by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an oncological treatment that combines the phototherapy of the tumor with immunotherapy treatment. Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy enhances the immunostimulating response and has synergistic effects for metastatic cancer treatment. PIT is able to enhance the antitumor immune response by ICD and prevent tumor metastases and recurrence. In this review article, we would like to summarize the recent advances in the development of phototherapy (such as PDT, PTT, and synergistic PDT/PTT) triggered immunotherapy for cancer treatment. In addition, immunotherapy triggered by phototherapy and other therapeutic modalities will be discussed. PIT may be a win-win strategy to fight against cancer.
Highlights
Cancer remains one of the most common diseases and is responsible for the increasing cases of death every year [1]
photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the sensitization of the photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species by the intersystem crossing while photothermal therapy (PTT) undergoes nonradiative decay to generate heat
We would like to summarize the recent advances in the development of phototherapy triggered immunotherapy for cancer treatment
Summary
Cancer remains one of the most common diseases and is responsible for the increasing cases of death every year [1]. Genetically engineered cell-membrane-coated magnetic NPs [40], hybrid cellular membrane nanovesicles [41], and bi-adjuvant neoantigen nanovaccines [42] have been investigated by our group These methods may enhance the therapeutic efficacy and provide longterm immune memory effects to inhibit cancer recurrence [18]. Modulation of the level of the TME is a wise approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy, for example, scavenging of extracellular ROS for the reversal of immunosuppressive environment is of tremendous importance to solve the problem To solve this problem, we designed a pH-sensitive covalently cross-linked polyethylene glycol to act as a tumor ECM targeting ROS nanoscavenger [43]. We hope that this review could help the researchers make a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances and prospects of combinational phototherapy with immunotherapy, leading to new paradigms in cancer treatment
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